Describe the production and detection of radiopharmaceuticals.. Describe how technetium 99m is produced in a Technetium Generator (You should include diagrams to aid your explanation) (P3)

Describe the production and detection of radiopharmaceuticals.. Describe how technetium 99m is produced in a Technetium Generator (You should include diagrams to aid your explanation) (P3)

P1: Describe radioactivity, including atomic structure
P3: Describe the production and detection of radiopharmaceuticals
P4: Explain the role of pharmaceuticals within the operating principles of the gamma camera
M1: Explain the random nature of decay and how it relates to half life
M2: Compare the desirable biological properties and radiological properties of radionuclides used for imaging
D2: Evaluate the choice of radiopharmaceuticals for a range of clinical imaging requirements

Task 1: Radioactivity – P1, M1

1) Describe in simple terms what happens when radioactive decay takes place.

To complete this activity successfully you should include diagrams and use the following terms: parent, daughter, unstable, stable, random, and include equations that illustrate examples of nuclides that decay by alpha, beta and gamma radiation) (P1)

2) The graph shows the average corrected count rate recorded per day over a 40 day period.

(i) Explain what is meant by the terms corrected count rate and half-life.

(ii) What is the value of the half life of the material?

(iii) What is the value of the decay constant?

(iv) Radioactivity is described as a Random Process. Explain what is meant by this term and how the graph demonstrates that radioactive decay is a random process. (M1)
(M1)

Task 2: Nuclear Medicine – P3, P4, M2, D2

1. Describe how technetium 99m is produced in a Technetium Generator (You should include diagrams to aid your explanation) (P3)

2. Explain how the gamma radiation it emits is detected by the gamma camera, paying particular attention to the role of the Collimator, Scintillating Crystal, Photo cathode and Photomultiplier tubes. You should include a labelled diagram of the Gamma Camera to aid your explanation. (P4)

3. Different radiopharmaceuticals are used for different clinical investigations. Produce a small report on two Radionuclides that can be used for imaging a 2 different parts of the body Your report must include the following information:

– A brief description of the medical conditions being investigated

– Details of the Radionuclides used and the properties they have which make them suitable for your chosen investigations

– A series of annotated images showing the condition as seen under the Gamma Camera. Your annotations should describe the anatomy shown and explain key features of the image that aid diagnosis of the medical condition being investigated.

– An explanation of the advantages and disadvantages of using radionuclide imaging techniques for your chosen investigations from both a patients’ perspective, and from the perspective of the Clinical Care team

(M2, D2)

Part 2: Xrays and Ultrasound

Grading Criteria (For Part 2)

P2: Describe the production of x-rays and ultrasound
D1: Analyse the effect of the operation and design of the tube/head on a typical x-ray spectrum

Task 1 (P2)

Write a short report on Ultrasound imaging
Your report should include the following:

1. What is ultrasound?

2. What frequencies of ultrasound are used for medical imaging techniques?

3. How is ultrasound produced and how does the transducer work

4. Explain the principles of the pulse echo technique and how it can be used to produce an A scan, a B scan, real time imaging and M mode

5. What is the Doppler Effect and how is it used to measure blood flow velocity?

Task 2

1) Explain how X rays are produced by a rotating anode X ray tube. You should include diagrams in your explanation (P2)

2) With reference to interactions between accelerated electrons incident on a target atom, explain the underlying physical principles behind the production of the 2 different parts of the X ray spectrum. The 2 parts of the spectrum are:

a) The Continuous Spectrum

Explanation & Answer

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