INVASIVE BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT IS CONSIDERED THE GOLD STANDARD FOR MEASURING A PATIENT’S BLOOD PRESSURE. OUTLINE THE FACTORS THAT ALTER THE ACCURACY OF THIS MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE.

INVASIVE BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT IS CONSIDERED THE GOLD STANDARD FOR MEASURING A PATIENT’S BLOOD PRESSURE. OUTLINE THE FACTORS THAT ALTER THE ACCURACY OF THIS MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE.

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Invasive blood pressure measurement is considered the gold standard for
measuring a patient’s blood pressure. Outline the factors that alter the accuracy
of this measurement technique.

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1. Answer all parts of this question:
a) Define the following statistical concepts:
i. confidence interval (2 marks)
ii. p value (2 marks)
iii. precision and accuracy (2 marks)
iv. sensitivity and specificity (2 marks)
v. statistical power. (2 marks)
b) Define and briefly list one (1) application in anaesthesia of each of the
following:
i. The Flick principle (2 marks)
ii. Beer Lambert Law (2 marks)
iii. Hagen Poiseuille equation (2 marks)
iv. Universal gas law (2 marks)
v. Ohm’s Law (Darcy’s Law). (2 marks)
c) Define each of the following pharmacokinetic terms:
i. volume of distribution (2 marks)
ii. clearance (2 marks)
iii. elimination half life (2 marks)
iv. context-sensitive half life (2 marks)
v. bioavailability. (2 marks)
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Veterinary Anaesthesia and Critical Care Paper 1 Page 3 of 4
© 2015 The Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists ABN 00 50 000894 208
2. Answer all parts of this question:
a) Define each of the following intrinsic cardiovascular reflexes. Include receptors
and location, stimulus and response:
i. Baroreflex (2 marks)
ii. Bainbridge reflex (2 marks)
iii. Bezold-Jarisch reflex (2 marks)
iv. Cushing reflex (2 marks)
v. Branham reflex. (2 marks)
b) Draw and label the action potential for the sinoatrial node. For each phase,
outline the changes in ion concentration that occur. (10 marks)
c) Describe the fetal circulation and outline how this is altered following birth.
(10 marks)
3. Answer both parts of this question:
a) Briefly describe the mechanism and site of action of the following drugs when
administered into the epidural space. For each, outline onset and duration of
action:
i. bupivacaine (2.5 marks)
ii. morphine (2.5 marks)
iii. ketamine (2.5 marks)
iv. medetomidine. (2.5 marks)
b) Describe the pharmacology of the following drugs used in anaesthetised animals.
Your description should include receptor type, location, secondary messengers
and effect:
i. ephedrine (5 marks)
ii. vasopressin (5 marks)
iii. nitroprusside (5 marks)
iv. phentolamine. (5 marks)
Continued over page
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Critical Care Paper 1 Page 4 of 4
© 2015 The Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists ABN 00 50 000894 208
4. Answer all parts of this question:
a) Define hypoxia and outline four (4) causes. (4.5 marks)
b) Define and outline five (5) causes of hypoxaemia. (5.5 marks)
c) List and briefly describe the five (5) most important physiological consequences
of hypothermia in an anaesthetised animal. (10 marks)
d) Using a diagram, describe the coagulation cascade. (10 marks)
5. Answer all parts of this question:
a) Outline the direct and indirect hormone responses mediated by the kidney in
response to hypotension. Briefly describe how each of the hormones released act
to restore blood pressure. (10 marks)
b) Briefly describe the changes in hormone levels and nervous system activity
associated with the stress response and outline the beneficial role of each
change. (16 marks)
c) Outline the detrimental effects of the stress response. (2 marks)
d) List factors that increase or decrease the stress response in an anaesthetised
animal. (2 marks)
6. Answer all parts of this question:
a) Invasive blood pressure measurement is considered the gold standard for
measuring a patient’s blood pressure. Outline the factors that alter the accuracy
of this measurement technique. (10 marks)
b) Describe two (2) methods of vaporization used in precision out of circuit
vaporisers. (10 marks)
c) Outline ten (10) methods of reducing exposure of personnel to anaesthetic gases
in the perioperative period. (10 marks)

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