One of the hallmarks of good research is the proper referencing in the text and the bibliography of the material used. Therefore, you must pay greater attention to them. If you ignore them, it may cost you dearly in terms of your grade.

One of the hallmarks of good research is the proper referencing in the text and the bibliography of the material used. Therefore, you must pay greater attention to them. If you ignore them, it may cost you dearly in terms of your grade.

 

Referencing is used:

 

To indicate the source of every direct quotation in the text of the research paper/ dissertation/ thesis;
To indicate the authority for every statement of fact in the text which is not a matter of common knowledge; and
To acknowledge each conclusion or inference borrowed from another author/ writer.
Footnotes are used:

 

For all the above reasons; and also,
To discuss or amplify points which cannot be discussed in the text without complicating the presentation; and
To relieve the text of any matter which tends to interrupt or lessen the interest of the presentation. Example:[1]Two basic requirements:

 

Uniformity
Simplicity
 

Referencing in Text and Listing in Bibliography:

 

Citing a book (by a single author, multiple authors, by editors):
(i)                 Reference in the Text: give surname of author, year, and page number depending upon the nature of reference. Page number must be given when you quote from a source or when you refer to a specific fact/ point in a source. Examples: (Merton, 1973); (Gibbons et al., 1997); (Stankiewicz, 1985, p.28);

 

(ii)               In Bibliography: the above references in the text should be given in the bibliography as following:

Merton, Robert K. (1973), The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

 

Gibbons, Michael, Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P., and Trow, M. (1997), The New Production of Knowledge, London: SAGE Publications.

 

Stankiewicz, R. (1985), “A new role for universities in technological innovation,” in Sweeny, G. (ed.), Innovation Policies in an International Perspective, London: Frances Pinter Publishers.

 

 

Citing a journal article (by a single author, multiple authors):
(i)                 Reference in the Text: everything is same as you do in the case book. Examples: (Ho, 1997); (Lee, 1996, p.24); (Boden et al., 1996, pp.21-22).

 

(ii)               In Bibliography: the above references in the text should be given in the bibliography as following:

 

Ho, Mae-Wan (1997), “The Unholy Alliance,” The Ecologist, vol. 27, no. 4 (July-August), pp. 152-158.

 

Lee, Yong S. (1996), “‘Technology transfer’ and the research university: a search for the boundaries of university-industry collaboration,” Research Policy, vol. 25, no.4, pp. 843-863.

 

Boden, R., Gummett, P., Cox, D., and Barker, K. (1998), “Men in white coats… men in grey suits: New public management and the funding of scientific research in the UK,” Journal of Auditing, Accounting and Accountability, vol.11, no.3, pp. 267-291.

 

Explanation & Answer

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