One of the most common forms of domestic violence is intimate partner violence (IPV). This paper seeks to describe the incidence of IPV in interpersonal relationships, especially those of a heterosexual nature.

One of the most common forms of domestic violence is intimate partner violence (IPV). This paper seeks to describe the incidence of IPV in interpersonal relationships, especially those of a heterosexual nature.

Some of the main causes of IPV are highlighted in the paper, such as social disenfranchisement of women, who are the most typical victims. Specific focus is placed on those causes deemed to be the most common, with the primary aim of assisting in the establishment of appropriate remedial measures. The paper concludes that, although IPV is a grave social concern, there are effective countermeasures available, which only need to be implemented properly for the problem to be reversed.
Keywords: intimate partner violence, interpersonal relationships, disenfranchisement

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Intimate Partner Violence
Causes, Effects and Prevention
Introduction
As one of the most common types of domestic violence, IPV takes on the nature of ultimate betrayal, especially for the victims, since the parties involved share an intimate relationship. This might be the case with a husband and wife or any persons intending to be, currently or previously, in such intimate relationships (Cronholm, Fogarty, Ambuel & Harrison, 2011). In instances of IPV, the perpetrator of the violence intends to either control the victim or punish him or her. In many of the cases, the perpetrator is male, while the victim is female, and they are usually engaged in heterosexual relationships. Nevertheless, IPV is not restricted to these kinds of interpersonal relationships. Research shows that cases of IPV are broad-spectrum social disorders that affect groups of people across all forms of intimate interpersonal relationships, whether heterosexual or otherwise.
Despite the complexity of IPV as a form of domestic violence, there seems to be some identifiable social and demographic risk factors that tend to predispose people in intimate relationships to the vice. According to Jewkes (2002), women are more likely to suffer at the hands of their male intimate partners in heterosexual relationships than any other demographic. This means that gender has a lot to do with the progression of IPV in intimate relationships, as well as being indicative of the directionality of the incidental violence. This is to say that it is easier to tell who the perpetrator and the victim in heterosexual cases are. Similarly, social and economic factors, such as poverty and financial empowerment, are seen as contributive to the rising cases of IPV. This is especially the case in heterosexual relationships where women are economically disenfranchised.
IPV tends to bring about various negative effects in the lives of the people involved. For instance, abused persons typically suffer the health sequelae of continued subjection to physical and psychological violence (Campbell, 2002), which range from bodily injury to post-traumatic stress disorder. In light of the foregoing facts, there are various remedies to the vice capable of addressing both its root causes as well as remedying its negative effects. For example, victims can be provided with effective care solutions by relevant authorities and risk groups being empowered to either prevent or escape from situations that might catalyze IPV.
Discussion
Causes
There are several possible causes of IPV among intimate partners, with most of them being associated with conditions of increased risk within the relationships. They include poverty, socio-cultural disenfranchisement, conflict, alcohol, and social norms. The following is a brief discourse on how each of these factors might contribute to increased cases of IPV.
1. Poverty

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