What steps should the researcher take to eliminate experimental bias based on both experimenter expectations and participant expectations?

What steps should the researcher take to eliminate experimental bias based on both experimenter expectations and participant expectations?

Theory and Research in Child Development 1. British philosopher John Locke viewed the child as A. tainted by original sin. B. a tabula rasa. C. a noble savage. D. an active, purposeful being. 2. Theorists who emphasize _______ in explaining individual differences typically stress the importance of early experiences. A. the environment B. the extended family C. the prefrontal cortex D. discontinuity 3. According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s view, the child is A. a tabula rasa. B. a noble savage. C. an active, purposeful being. D. tainted by original sin. 4. Before arriving in a kindergarten classroom, Dr. Banks prepares a questionnaire for interviewing children for her research. This is an example of a research A. question. B. method. C. design. D. hypothesis. 5. A strength of _______ is that it reflects participants’ everyday behavior. A. naturalistic observation B. structured observation C. the clinical interview D. the structured interview 6. An investigator interested in studying sexual practices among high school students asked them to post their answers on a Facebook group page. Which of the following research rights was most obviously violated? A. Privacy B. Protection from harm C. Informed consent D. Beneficial treatments 7. G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, A. argued that children actively revise their ways of thinking, but also learn through habit. B. were the first researchers to implement behavior modification techniques. C. developed the first intelligence test. D. regarded child development as a maturational process. 8. Cross-cultural research stimulated by Vygotsky’s theory reveals that A. adults begin to encourage valued skills as soon as children start school. B. cultures select different tasks for children’s learning. C. sociocultural theory has little application outside industrialized nations. D. the developmental sequences observed in Western cultures are universal. 9. Which of the following statements is true about cohort effects? A. They occur because of factors commonly associated with development. B. They occur when participants move away or drop out of studies. C. They can’t occur when specific experiences influence some children but not others in the same generation. D. They don’t just operate broadly on an entire generation. 10. Pete participates in soccer and is beginning to master fundamental reading and math skills. Pete is probably in which period of human development? A. Infancy and toddlerhood B. Adolescence C. Middle childhood D. Early childhood 11. According to _______, children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. A. ecological systems theory B. the psychoanalytic perspective C. the behaviorist perspective D. social learning theory 12. Dr. Hoo believes that children who are high in verbal ability, anxiety, or sociability will remain so at later ages. Dr. Hoo likely emphasizes the role of _______ in her research. A. context B. plasticity C. stability D. discontinuity 13. Five-year-old Stefan uses symbols to represent sensorimotor discoveries. However, his thinking lacks logic. Stefan is in Piaget’s _______ stage of development. A. concrete operational B. preoperational C. formal operational D. sensorimotor 14. Alfred Binet defined intelligence as A. recall, reflection, and communication. B. good judgment, planning, and critical reflection. C. emotional, social, and cognitive awareness. D. reaction time and sensitivity to physical stimuli. 15. In a sequential design, which of the following occurs? A. Participants are presented with a novel task, and researchers follow their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions. B. Groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time. C. Researchers conduct several cross-sectional or longitudinal investigations. D. Participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they get older. 16. The continuous development view holds that A. infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do. B. development takes place in stages.

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